The years 1948-1954 witnessed a radical change of the philosophical scene in Poland. This change became very pronounced towards the end of 1951 and the developments of the ensuing three years gave the impression that the change was permanent. At that time it was not difficult to believe that the philosophical tradition which had originated with Twardowski and had been developed by the Warsaw school had come to an end to be superseded by an entirely new orientation and way of thinking. characteristic of this